Investing in Cities: What Must Urban Recovery Look Like Across Canada?

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From Canadian Urban Institute: You can find transcripts and recordings of today’s and all our webinars at https://canurb.org/citytalk

12:01:11 From Canadian Urban Institute to Everyone : Welcome! Folks, please change your chat settings to “all panelists and attendees” so everyone can see your comments. 12:01:22 From Canadian Urban Institute to Everyone : Attendees: where are you tuning in from today? 12:01:36 From Laura Wall to All panelists : London, Ontario 12:01:36 From Odai Sirri to All panelists : Lantzville, BC 12:01:37 From Jordan Riemer to Everyone : Tuning in from Edmonton, Alberta 12:01:58 From Guhad Hersi to All panelists : Hello From Toronto 12:02:03 From John Mungham to All panelists : Tuning in from Calgary 12:02:11 From Catherine Howett to Everyone : Saskatchewan 12:02:15 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : Here from the traditional territory of the Treaty 1 Nations & the Homeland of the Métis Nation: Winnipeg! 12:02:17 From Chelsey Andrews to Everyone : Campbell River, BC 12:02:26 From Simon Chamberlain to Everyone : Tuning in from Mount Dennis, Toronto 12:02:26 From Michael Phair to All panelists : Michael Phair from Edmonton 12:02:34 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Vancouver/Toronto 12:02:53 From Laurel Davies Snyder to All panelists : Hello from Stratford, ON. And it’s snowing. 12:03:20 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Hello from Tkaronto. Really glad to hear what everyone has to say. Welcome back Mary and CUI 12:04:02 From Toby Greenbaum to Everyone : Hello from Ottawa. 12:04:10 From Ralph Cipolla to Everyone : Hello from orillia ontario 12:04:29 From Frank Murphy to Everyone : Good morning from Nanaimo. 12:05:11 From Samantha Krahn to Everyone : Tuning in from beautiful Saskatoon, SK today 12:05:20 From Rod Bovay to All panelists : Hello from Belleville, Ontario 12:05:25 From Augusto Mathias to All panelists : Good Morning! Sao Paulo – Brazil 12:05:33 From Canadian Urban Institute to Everyone : Frances Bula, urban issues and politics writer @fabulavancouver https://www.linkedin.com/in/frances-bula-15178040/ Doug Saunders, International Affairs, Globe and Mail @DougSaunders https://www.linkedin.com/in/doug-saunders-b572611b/ Colin Lynch, Co-Founder of Black Opportunity Fund and Head of Global Real Estate Investments at TD Asset Management @ckrlynch https://www.linkedin.com/in/colinkrlynch/ Amarjeet Sohi, Senior Advisor at ALAR Strategy Group, Former City Councillor and Federal Minister @SohiAmarjeet https://www.linkedin.com/in/amarjeet-sohi-1085711a0/ 12:11:22 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Our larger cities lack the resources and the autonomy to implement the policies that they need to meet the needs of their residents. Decades of downloading by higher levels of government without the attendant stable funding has inflicted deep and ongoing damage to our urban regions. 12:14:03 From Robert Sauvey to All panelists : Is it time to consider Canada’s major cities as city states to alleviate these cities issues and create direct support to these regions directly? 12:14:05 From Abby (she/her) Slater to All panelists : @Baldwin 100%. Our tax base in Toronto comes from one source, which creates this incentive to look at development growth only…and even then developers are not paying their fair share. 12:14:41 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : @Baldwin 100%. Our tax base in Toronto comes from one source, which creates this incentive to look at development growth only…and even then developers are not paying their fair share. 12:15:24 From Robert Sauvey to Everyone : Is it time to consider Canada’s major cities as city states to alleviate these cities issues and create direct support to these regions directly? 12:18:35 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : Ex city councillor here, and FCM board member.. and yes.. IT DRIVES MUNI’s CRAZY!!! 12:18:49 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Hear hear Mary1 12:18:51 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : ! 12:18:54 From Doug Saunders to Everyone : On the point Mary is now raising, here’s an essay I wrote a few years ago about the surprising lack of authority in city government 12:18:57 From Doug Saunders to Everyone : https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-what-is-a-canadian-city-anyway-why-our-municipal-crisis-goes-beyond/ 12:19:44 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : On top of Doug’s great article, check out the book: If Mayors Ruled the World. 12:19:46 From Toby Greenbaum to Everyone : Isn’t there significant legislation change required to give municipalities the powers and taxation required? 12:19:55 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : How likely is it that an Provincial gov’t will cede power? 12:20:31 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Any provincial gov’t? 12:20:43 From Baldwin Hum to All panelists : There’s also a deep democratic deficit in many urban regions, and this is reflected in the lack of interest by higher levels of government in urban issues. 12:20:59 From Diane Dyson to Everyone : @Brian I am currently enjoying Philip Slayton’s Mayors Gone Bad. LOL 12:21:15 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : In Toronto, I think the municipality wanted to take stronger action than the premier…so one would say yes to your question wrt Toronto and environs at least. 12:21:29 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Not all environs, admittedly. 12:21:49 From Lise Bendrodt to All panelists : mary’s point- cities in GTA now overriding prov govt re closures due to 5 plus COVID cases 12:22:06 From Canadian Urban Institute to Everyone : Reminding attendees to please change your chat settings to “all panelists and attendees” so everyone can see your comments. 12:24:46 From Frances Bula to Everyone : On the issue of giving more power to cities and somehow they will do better at solving i.e. inequity problems. One of the trends going on in the U.S. these days is many states exerting more control over how cities provide housing. The problem: a LOT of cities have prevented lower-cost forms of housing from being built in sufficient numbers because local politicians are more attuned to their comfortably housed existing-voter base than to newcomers looking for places to live. The states have started ordering cities to meet housing targets, allow for certain non-single-family housing types where they are not now. So handing over a lot of power to local governments isn’t going to work out the same in every city. 12:25:33 From Calabro Claudia to Everyone : Thank you Colin for highlighting these points. 12:25:57 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : Agree with you Frances. But the issue still needs to be fixed. 12:26:09 From Odai Sirri to Everyone : @Colin Well said. 12:26:24 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Canada is an urban country, and urban issues are national issues. 12:27:03 From Robert Sauvey to Everyone : yes! @Baldwin 12:27:17 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Agree @Frances…especially around the “comfortably housed” voters. 12:27:21 From Canadian Urban Institute to Everyone : Check out our COVID signpost reports here: https://covidsignpost.ca/ 12:27:26 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : Cities need more power and tools. We’ve been talking about this for decades. But nothing changes. What’s with Canada resistance to change? 12:28:38 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : @ Diane. I will have to add it to my reading list! 12:29:14 From Frances Bula to Everyone : And, on the issue of equity-seeking groups in cities — the proportion of those groups may even increase. As a local commentator noted recently, all the stories about people fleeing the cities for smaller towns, rural areas — that is primarily a white-person thing, the idea of escaping to a charming smaller city with great coffee and a brewery. It’s not something new or even second-generation immigrants are flocking to. 12:29:41 From Gloria Venczel to Everyone : Canada is an urban nation today at 82% of people living in cities. In the 1861 census, pre-confederation,” Canada” consisted of 84% rural farmers, when the federal governance model was adopted, including the taxation model. Cities are the economic/innovation drivers of Canada with the least amount of revenue sources- namely property taxes, with the most, “out of scope”, downloaded responsibilities. Canadian cities need a New Green Deal. 12:30:23 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : @frances I think they have also shown that that phenomenon was overblown and the escape from cities on a large scale is unlikely to happen. 12:30:40 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : There does need to be balance between urban and rural regions, but for too long the focus has been on rural regions. Both urban and rural are deeply dependent on each other, and policies need to deal effectively and authentically with both. 12:31:26 From Frances Bula to Everyone : Yes, I’ve seen that analysis too. All the pandemic did was accelerate the moves of people who were already planning to move anyway. And the reason cities seem emptier is because the usual inflow of immigrants, students, movers from other provinces, has slowed during the pandemic. 12:32:22 From Frances Bula to Everyone : But the stories about pandemic moves do highlight which groups it is that typically move out, which don’t. 12:32:39 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : @frances 100% 12:32:42 From Doug Saunders to Everyone : https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-neighbourhood-trap-the-evolution-of-the-worlds-inner-cities-has/ 12:32:52 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Doug’s now classic look at arrival cities I find is a useful one. We know that with the climate crisis that people globally will be on the move. How we prepare or not for new residents in our region will likely determine the success of our collective futures. 12:32:54 From Marie-Josée Houle to All panelists : Would you say that the onset of Rent Supplements and Portable Housing Allowances introduced in the private market rental housing sector be the cause of this: creating more competition for those rental units? 12:34:22 From Frances Bula to Everyone : In Vancouver, I can’t see that. There’s been an incredibly low vacancy rate for decades. The only time it moves up slightly is during recessions/pandemics. 12:35:08 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : I think we lack an overarching long term vision for our urban centres from all upper levels of government which does not allow for long term planning or long term solutions when every decision is on a 3-4 year election cycle. 12:35:21 From P Reddy to Everyone : Hi, 12:35:55 From Frances Bula to Everyone : I have to write long posts here because I haven’t written entire articles and books the way Doug has, that he can just link to. 🙂 12:36:01 From paul mackinnon to All panelists : We saw again in the Federal budget that one of the achilles’ heel is that here, in one of the world’s most urban countries, there is NO ministry dedicated to cities/downtowns. 12:36:20 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : @Frances. Keep going! 12:36:24 From P Reddy to Everyone : My apologies – hello from Durban, South Africa. 12:36:40 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Housing is critical, but cannot be the only focus of our urban regions. We need to move beyond housing, and look at dense, walkable, complete (live, work, play, learn, etc) neighbourhoods and communities that are designed around efficient public transport. 12:37:26 From Laura Wall to All panelists : thank you – is ownership the goal or is it good housing 12:37:26 From Canadian Urban Institute to paul mackinnon and all panelists : Hi Paul. Can you please change your chat settings to “all panelists and attendees” and re-post? Your comment only went to panelists. Thanks! 12:37:27 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : The market can solve some of our housing problems, but we’ve focused exclusively on ownership for the last 30 years. We need diversity of tenure in addition to diversity of density, etc. 12:37:29 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : I think there is less pushback from residents in Vancouver to ‘soft’ densification, than from the bureaucrats at city hall. Giving this city more powers may in fact be counterproductive, in terms of affordable housing production. 12:37:36 From Laurel Davies Snyder to Everyone : Housing as shelter vs. housing as commodity? 12:37:45 From Gloria Venczel to Everyone : There has been a shift by institutional investors towards rental and other housing, requiring competitive shareholders dividends, pricing locals out of the housing market. Any thoughts? 12:37:48 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Housing as human right 12:37:50 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : It is a danger to conflate affordable housing and housing affordability. They are two different things. 12:38:05 From Laurel Davies Snyder to Everyone : Agreed. 12:38:07 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Agreed Brian, one is systemic and another is a bandaid. 12:39:26 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : Pressure from “industry” is to address affordability which they argue in the “housing continuum” will address affordable housing. Well, the housing continuum is just a version of trickle down economics. It really isn’t a continuum that people move through. 12:39:36 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : But who is renting to what, and who are the landlords? Are we still relying on condos as de-facto rental units? We know that the longterm stability of these kinds of units are virtually nonexistent. 12:40:13 From Jessica O’Sullivan to All panelists : How can we even begin talking about building a link between low income to market housing when global markets are pouring investment into the Canadian real estate market in order to secure higher and higher returns at the expense of housing availability? This is an inherently global question 12:40:25 From Laurel Davies Snyder to Everyone : Assumption that ownership of a single detached home is the ‘goal’ is an issue to me. 12:40:28 From Calabro Claudia to Everyone : Agree with Frances here. Being a renter wouldn’t be so fraught if the destabilization caused by evictions, no vacancy control, etc was addressed and countered through stronger legislation in support of renters. 12:40:30 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Goes back to affordability of rentals too…and landlords (REITS)…as @Baldwin says 12:41:14 From Frances Bula to Everyone : Calabro, yes, I came to the conclusion some years ago that the frenzy to buy real estate is partly a function of the way renters are not protected, so they live in constant insecurity. That pushes them to buy. 12:41:29 From Frances Bula to Everyone : Even if they can’t really afford it. Even if they’re over-paying in a hot market. 12:41:34 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : The demonization of renters is very deep. We have all been renters at some point in our lives. Do we magically become better people when we take on hundreds of thousands of dollars of debt? 12:41:36 From Amy Buitenhuis to All panelists : the federal government was subsidizing rental housing heavily in the 60s and it worked, a large supply was built. The federal government shifted away from that in the 70s towards a stronger focus on housing ownership and other approaches 12:42:40 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Thanks Amarjeet for bringing in a broader perspective here. The racialization of our low-wage and precarious jobs also has a geographic component to it. We create poorly designed and located ghettoes, we de-fund those neighbourhoods, and force certain populations into those neighbourhoods. We need to even out the peaks and valleys in our regions both geographically and economically… and culturally. 12:42:57 From Lester Brown to Everyone : We are starting to see lots of purpose-built rental in Toronto on provincial and City-owned land. It is, however, often high-end. The City, however, especially on land they own, rentals have to include up to 50% affordable. On the market portion, however, there is no rent control. 12:43:15 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : I would venture to say that we don’t want the VC model to become more widespread (not disagreeing with Colin’s network issue), but I think we need to change the issue around evaluations where large dollars accrue to very few people is something we should not strive to expand…but rather make less exploitive and extractive financial models entirely. For all. 12:43:24 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : No we don’t. Agreed Brian. Many other societies are rent based housing, e.g. Germany, France, Scandinavia, etc. 12:44:09 From Baldwin Hum to All panelists : Agreed Colin… we cannot discount the network effects, and we need to create communities that allow for these connections for all and not just the wealthy and privileged. 12:44:19 From P Reddy to Everyone : Home ownership should be encouraged and promoted to create intergenerational wealth. Childern can be disadvantaged if we do not gradaute from being a tenant. It makes it difficult to become a homeoner in the future given the cost of a house.. 12:44:57 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : The “modern” North American city is built on segregation. We segregate housing from employment, we segregate different types of housing from each other, we segregate different types of employment from each other. 12:45:24 From Baldwin Hum to All panelists : P Reddy: this just reinforces the financialization of housing. We need to look to other places to make money, and look away from housing as the sole vehicle for this for most people. 12:45:29 From Gloria Venczel to Everyone : @Frances- are there effective pedestrian oriented urban design guidelines @ City of Vancouver for rental housing to help ensure cost-neutral “people friendly” streetscapes, enhance neighbourhoods in a way that doesn’t stigmatize renters and rental housing? 12:46:24 From Diane Dyson to Everyone : Condos = “Safety Deposit Boxes” in the sky 12:46:30 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Right…and those condo towers are not necessarily family friendly nor for long term neighborhood growth 12:46:32 From Baldwin Hum to All panelists : Yes Brian, absolutely. Zoning for instance is deeply segregational and is a weird form of micromanagement. What business does the government have in what someone does inside a building? In my view, outside of life safety issues, it shouldn’t be a lot. 12:46:41 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : No schools, parks, etc. 12:46:54 From Toby Greenbaum to Everyone : one bedroom condos for families 12:46:54 From Odai Sirri to Everyone : and no intentionality 12:46:59 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : Diverse choices everywhere.. 12:47:00 From Baldwin Hum to All panelists : Agreed Abby, small units, no social spaces, and unstable tenure. 12:47:25 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Agreed Abby, small units, no social spaces, and unstable tenure. 12:47:40 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Yes Brian, absolutely. Zoning for instance is deeply segregational and is a weird form of micromanagement. What business does the government have in what someone does inside a building? In my view, outside of life safety issues, it shouldn’t be a lot. 12:47:49 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : P Reddy: this just reinforces the financialization of housing. We need to look to other places to make money, and look away from housing as the sole vehicle for this for most people. 12:48:00 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Agreed Colin… we cannot discount the network effects, and we need to create communities that allow for these connections for all and not just the wealthy and privileged. 12:48:02 From Frances Bula to Everyone : @Gloria. I don’t see design guidelines that are any different for rental projects compared to condo projects. One problem I do see is that a lot of multi-family —whether rental or condo — is forced onto arterials in the city. That means they breathe more vehicle fumes and it doesn’t create for a coherent neighbourhood, to have people strung along a linear route rather than in a cluster around e.g. a park or a school 12:48:05 From Graeme Paton to Everyone : Majority of condos being built are targeted for single person households (450 to 600 soft) but are too expensive for those single person household to afford.. which then targets investors. 12:49:44 From Lisa Rochon to All panelists : Equitable cities provide 3 things : fine urban grain with an offering of all kinds of housing/rental/affordable/market ownership; internships within ‘downtown’ corporations for high school kids in racialized neighbourhoods; rejection of monolithic condo neighbourhoods which ultimately isolate and disenfranchise. Citylab 12:49:45 From John Mungham to Everyone : In 12:50:24 From paul mackinnon to Everyone : We saw again in the Federal budget that one of the achilles’ heel is that here, in one of the world’s most urban countries, there is NO ministry dedicated to cities/downtowns. 12:50:25 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Community owned housing definitely needs to be a major component of our housing strategy. 12:50:44 From Lester Brown to Everyone : Love Doug Saunders mentioning of path dependency. That, one hand has built communities in Toronto, on the other hand has led to segregation. 12:50:47 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : The ability to remain in neighborhoods and change your housing as your life changes is such an important point—as long as those areas are not stigmatized. But yes, not always a stepping stone is such a key point. 12:50:49 From Chelsey Andrews to Everyone : Panelists- what are your thoughts on Universal Basic Income to shake up some of these ongoing issues that keep us stuck? 12:50:59 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : Aging in place in established neighbourhoods is a huge need and social benefit. More people here in Vancouver want to do this, but are stymied by city hall regs and approval hoops. 12:51:27 From Gloria Venczel to Everyone : @Frances-Thank you! 12:51:34 From Brian Pincott to Everyone : What Doug is talking about is the future of affordable housing. Right now, the system, and the buildings, is based on antiquated 1970’s thinking. Operating agreements need to change at the same time as the funding starts flowing. 12:51:52 From Calabro Claudia to Everyone : Would like to note that emphasizing/focusing on the path to individual prosperity through property ownership & the related appreciation of that investment is really counter to decolonial efforts. “decolonizing housing” includes questioning this path to prosperity through individual land ownership. 12:52:11 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Lance, and we can’t forget in Vancouver the deep antipathy by many homeowners to any kind of change in their neighbourhoods. 12:52:14 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Aging in place will become more and more important…where your support systems are and how to avoid impersonal LTC facilities. We all know where that leads. 12:52:47 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : Doug touches on the insidious issue of land use zoning as a tool that separates rather then condenses. Zoning needs a total revamp. That’s a city level power, so…just saying. 12:53:42 From Laurel Davies Snyder to Everyone : Aging in place may be more likely if we divorced the concept of where we live from perception of “wealth” and “success”. 12:54:00 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : @Lance not when the province overrides, ignores and bulldozes city zoning policies 12:54:29 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Abby, yeah, especially in Ontario. 12:55:06 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Money shouldn’t be the only tool we use to incentivize change in our society. We can and should be creating proper policies that directly address these issues in their complexity. 12:55:33 From Odai Sirri to Everyone : Education is also a tool that municipal leaders need 12:55:54 From Lester Brown to Everyone : @Abby, but when governemnts can do something they don’t. I would have liked the last Ontario govt. to tell rob Ford to get lost when he killed Transit City. They could have done that. 12:56:13 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : Abby, I’m not seeing that override as much here in BC. In fact there is a case to be made that some planning functions should be removed from the municipal level, but no guarantee that BC provincial gov will be any better at delivering housing. 12:56:48 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Lance: BC doesn’t have the horror that is LPAT (OMB) in Ontario. 12:56:49 From paul mackinnon to Everyone : We have been blessed with a good crop of big city mayors. I am worried that, depending on who replaces them, that we may have missed one of our best chances for a new urban agenda. 12:56:51 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : @Lance yes…I am speaking specifically in Ontario. And @Lester…no question we have a failure in leadership! 12:58:02 From Canadian Urban Institute to Everyone : You can find transcripts and recordings of today’s and all our sessions at https://www.canurb.org/citytalk Keep the conversation going #CityTalk @canurb 12:58:12 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Lester: unfortunately cities are effectively client states of the province. It’s difficult as a client state to speak up against those who control all aspects of your existence. 12:58:34 From Amanda Kosloski to All panelists : do we use MZO’s to secure the added density as of right (i.e. no NIMBYism slowing or preventing it) that is then linked to funding (Released after MZO secures it as of right). 12:58:43 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Another great conversation…plus now we need to continue to raise our voices so our respective representatives hear us. 12:59:17 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : 💪 12:59:25 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Governments leading would be amazing. But with the amount of regulatory capture by the development and investment communities in our governments, we’ve ceded that leadership to the private sector over the past generations. Perhaps we should return to the public leading the public for the good of us all. 12:59:28 From Isaac de Ceuster to All panelists : As a younger person who cannot afford a home, I come away from this conversation very dissatisfied. Lots of talk, but still no solutions. Imagine thinking immigration was limited, when in fact it was the highest its ever been… 12:59:47 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : I think we should get back to something Doug hints at: the creative, entrepreneurial abilities of people to do micro-developments or small businesses in place. Cities need to step back and allow this more. A way out of poverty for new arrivals, racialized communities, etc. 13:00:07 From Frances Bula to Everyone : Like the coffee bus in the alley near us, Lance! 13:00:21 From Lance Berelowitz to Everyone : exactly Frances! 13:01:06 From Gloria Venczel to Everyone : Thank you CUI + Mary Rowe + Esteemed Speakers for such an important cities dialogue! 13:01:14 From paul mackinnon to Everyone : Amarjeet for next mayor of Edmonton? 13:01:18 From Laurel Davies Snyder to Everyone : thank you. great conversation. 13:01:21 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Our regulatory framework needs to be looked at carefully to allow for more micro businesses. 13:01:23 From Lise Bendrodt to Everyone : yes- thank you 13:01:26 From Frances Bula to Everyone : Really appreciate all the back and forth in the chat 13:01:30 From Lester Brown to Everyone : Thank you all. Great discussion 13:01:31 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Thanks all 13:01:31 From Steve Sutherland to All panelists : Transit is clearly failing in its present form – long trips consume precious time. 13:01:32 From Catherine Howett to Everyone : thank you! 13:01:35 From Sasha Sud to All panelists : Thank you 13:01:36 From Lise Bendrodt to Everyone : great panel! 13:01:37 From Robert Sauvey to Everyone : Thanks everyone! Great conversation! 13:01:38 From Baldwin Hum to Everyone : Thanks all 13:01:42 From Abby (she/her) Slater to Everyone : Thank you!!!! 13:01:42 From Steve Sutherland to All panelists : Thank you! 13:01:43 From Jessica O’Sullivan to All panelists : Thank you for everyone’s input and to the great speakers! 13:01:48 From Jordan Riemer to Everyone : Thank you for the excellent discussion, all 13:02:08 From Nathalie Cordelier to All panelists : Thank you. 13:02:10 From Ralph Cipolla to Everyone : Thank you great discussion 13:02:10 From Augusto Mathias to Everyone : Thank you all 13:02:26 From Argyro Tzouras to Everyone : Great discussion! Thank you!